Drowning is a major cause of unintentional risk and death, and American Indian and Alaska Native populations are disproportionately affected. 

Drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury death across all ages, with American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations experiencing significantly higher rates compared to other groups. Recent studies indicate that basic swimming and water safety education is an effective strategy for preventing drowning. In 2021, the American Red Cross identified key barriers to accessing swim lessons and water safety programs in AI/AN communities, including affordability, transportation, and nearby pool access. Addressing these barriers and offering culturally responsive, flexible, and welcoming programs can improve participation in swim courses and water competence, ultimately reducing drowning deaths.

Local evaluations suggest that many AI/AN youth are interested in aquatics careers, presenting a valuable opportunity to involve them in water safety programs that benefit their communities. Offering water safety education that aligns with the beliefs, attitudes, and norms of a community is recommended for preventing drowning among populations at higher risk. 

NORC built rapport with tribal-serving aquatic facilities using culturally responsive evaluation methods.

NORC, with implementation support from the American Red Cross, evaluated the Red Cross Water Safety Instructor and Lifeguard courses among this population. The goal was to identify and understand factors that help participants succeed in these courses. We conducted interviews with aquatic facilities serving AI/AN communities and a survey of AI/AN trainees to identify strategies to recruit, train, and retain participants in swim instructor and lifeguarding courses. Working with tribal communities requires a flexible and respectful approach, tailored to local context and cultural norms.

We centered our evaluation design on building trust with organizational leaders at aquatic facilities and using culturally-appropriate evaluation practices. For example, we worked closely with tribal-serving aquatic facilities to coordinate data collection. We also offered multiple opportunities for youth to participate in surveys and interviews, and hosted information sessions with parents of youth trainees. These efforts underscore the importance of culturally respectful, community-driven approaches to engaging AI/AN trainees in aquatics programs.